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Leveraging CTSA hubs for rapid, large-scale, high-impact research: A case study during a global public health emergency
- Jennifer A. Croker, Shannon Valenti, Holly Ann Baus, Eric W. Ford, David Mathias, Laurel Yasko, Dan McGaughey, Tony Smith, Katherine Underwood, Jennifer Avolio, Kaitlyn Sadtler, Matthew J. Memoli, Robert P. Kimberly, Steven E. Reis
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 7 / Issue 1 / 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 October 2022, e13
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As the COVID-19 pandemic took hold in the USA in early 2020, it became clear that knowledge of the prevalence of antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among asymptomatic individuals could inform public health policy decisions and provide insight into the impact of the infection on vulnerable populations. Two Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) Hubs and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) set forth to conduct a national seroprevalence survey to assess the infection’s rate of spread. This partnership was able to quickly design and launch the project by leveraging established research capacities, prior experiences in large-scale, multisite studies and a highly skilled workforce of CTSA hubs and unique experimental capabilities at the NIH to conduct a diverse prospective, longitudinal observational cohort of 11,382 participants who provided biospecimens and participant-reported health and behavior data. The study was completed in 16 months and benefitted from transdisciplinary teamwork, information technology innovations, multimodal communication strategies, and scientific partnership for rigor in design and analytic methods. The lessons learned by the rapid implementation and dissemination of this national study is valuable in guiding future multisite projects as well as preparation for other public health emergencies and pandemics.
The Qualitative Transparency Deliberations: Insights and Implications
- Alan M. Jacobs, Tim Büthe, Ana Arjona, Leonardo R. Arriola, Eva Bellin, Andrew Bennett, Lisa Björkman, Erik Bleich, Zachary Elkins, Tasha Fairfield, Nikhar Gaikwad, Sheena Chestnut Greitens, Mary Hawkesworth, Veronica Herrera, Yoshiko M. Herrera, Kimberley S. Johnson, Ekrem Karakoç, Kendra Koivu, Marcus Kreuzer, Milli Lake, Timothy W. Luke, Lauren M. MacLean, Samantha Majic, Rahsaan Maxwell, Zachariah Mampilly, Robert Mickey, Kimberly J. Morgan, Sarah E. Parkinson, Craig Parsons, Wendy Pearlman, Mark A. Pollack, Elliot Posner, Rachel Beatty Riedl, Edward Schatz, Carsten Q. Schneider, Jillian Schwedler, Anastasia Shesterinina, Erica S. Simmons, Diane Singerman, Hillel David Soifer, Nicholas Rush Smith, Scott Spitzer, Jonas Tallberg, Susan Thomson, Antonio Y. Vázquez-Arroyo, Barbara Vis, Lisa Wedeen, Juliet A. Williams, Elisabeth Jean Wood, Deborah J. Yashar
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- Journal:
- Perspectives on Politics / Volume 19 / Issue 1 / March 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 January 2021, pp. 171-208
- Print publication:
- March 2021
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In recent years, a variety of efforts have been made in political science to enable, encourage, or require scholars to be more open and explicit about the bases of their empirical claims and, in turn, make those claims more readily evaluable by others. While qualitative scholars have long taken an interest in making their research open, reflexive, and systematic, the recent push for overarching transparency norms and requirements has provoked serious concern within qualitative research communities and raised fundamental questions about the meaning, value, costs, and intellectual relevance of transparency for qualitative inquiry. In this Perspectives Reflection, we crystallize the central findings of a three-year deliberative process—the Qualitative Transparency Deliberations (QTD)—involving hundreds of political scientists in a broad discussion of these issues. Following an overview of the process and the key insights that emerged, we present summaries of the QTD Working Groups’ final reports. Drawing on a series of public, online conversations that unfolded at www.qualtd.net, the reports unpack transparency’s promise, practicalities, risks, and limitations in relation to different qualitative methodologies, forms of evidence, and research contexts. Taken as a whole, these reports—the full versions of which can be found in the Supplementary Materials—offer practical guidance to scholars designing and implementing qualitative research, and to editors, reviewers, and funders seeking to develop criteria of evaluation that are appropriate—as understood by relevant research communities—to the forms of inquiry being assessed. We dedicate this Reflection to the memory of our coauthor and QTD working group leader Kendra Koivu.1
Contributors
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- By Tod C. Aeby, Melanie D. Altizer, Ronan A. Bakker, Meghann E. Batten, Anita K. Blanchard, Brian Bond, Megan A. Brady, Saweda A. Bright, Ellen L. Brock, Amy Brown, Ashley Carroll, Jori S. Carter, Frances Casey, Weldon Chafe, David Chelmow, Jessica M. Ciaburri, Stephen A. Cohen, Adrianne M. Colton, PonJola Coney, Jennifer A. Cross, Julie Zemaitis DeCesare, Layson L. Denney, Megan L. Evans, Nicole S. Fanning, Tanaz R. Ferzandi, Katie P. Friday, Nancy D. Gaba, Rajiv B. Gala, Andrew Galffy, Adrienne L. Gentry, Edward J. Gill, Philippe Girerd, Meredith Gray, Amy Hempel, Audra Jolyn Hill, Chris J. Hong, Kathryn A. Houston, Patricia S. Huguelet, Warner K. Huh, Jordan Hylton, Christine R. Isaacs, Alison F. Jacoby, Isaiah M. Johnson, Nicole W. Karjane, Emily E. Landers, Susan M. Lanni, Eduardo Lara-Torre, Lee A. Learman, Nikola Alexander Letham, Rachel K. Love, Richard Scott Lucidi, Elisabeth McGaw, Kimberly Woods McMorrow, Christopher A. Manipula, Kirk J. Matthews, Michelle Meglin, Megan Metcalf, Sarah H. Milton, Gaby Moawad, Christopher Morosky, Lindsay H. Morrell, Elizabeth L. Munter, Erin L. Murata, Amanda B. Murchison, Nguyet A. Nguyen, Nan G. O’Connell, Tony Ogburn, K. Nathan Parthasarathy, Thomas C. Peng, Ashley Peterson, Sarah Peterson, John G. Pierce, Amber Price, Heidi J. Purcell, Ronald M. Ramus, Nicole Calloway Rankins, Fidelma B. Rigby, Amanda H. Ritter, Barbara L. Robinson, Danielle Roncari, Lisa Rubinsak, Jennifer Salcedo, Mary T. Sale, Peter F. Schnatz, John W. Seeds, Kathryn Shaia, Karen Shelton, Megan M. Shine, Haller J. Smith, Roger P. Smith, Nancy A. Sokkary, Reni A. Soon, Aparna Sridhar, Lilja Stefansson, Laurie S. Swaim, Chemen M. Tate, Hong-Thao Thieu, Meredith S. Thomas, L. Chesney Thompson, Tiffany Tonismae, Angela M. Tran, Breanna Walker, Alan G. Waxman, C. Nathan Webb, Valerie L. Williams, Sarah B. Wilson, Elizabeth M. Yoselevsky, Amy E. Young
- Edited by David Chelmow, Virginia Commonwealth University, Christine R. Isaacs, Virginia Commonwealth University, Ashley Carroll, Virginia Commonwealth University
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- Book:
- Acute Care and Emergency Gynecology
- Published online:
- 05 November 2014
- Print publication:
- 30 October 2014, pp ix-xiv
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Contributors
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- By Michael H. Allen, Leora Amira, Victoria Arango, David W. Ayer, Helene Bach, Christopher R. Bailey, Ross J. Baldessarini, Kelsey Ball, Alan L. Berman, Marian E. Betz, Emily A. Biggs, R. Warwick Blood, Kathleen T. Brady, David A. Brent, Jeffrey A. Bridge, Gregory K. Brown, Anat Brunstein Klomek, A. Jacqueline Buchanan, Michelle J. Chandley, Tim Coffey, Jessica Coker, Yeates Conwell, Scott J. Crow, Collin L. Davidson, Yogesh Dwivedi, Stacey Espaillat, Jan Fawcett, Steven J. Garlow, Robert D. Gibbons, Catherine R. Glenn, Deborah Goebert, Erica Goldstein, Tina R. Goldstein, Madelyn S. Gould, Kelly L. Green, Alison M. Greene, Philip D. Harvey, Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, Donna Holland Barnes, Andres M. Kanner, Gary J. Kennedy, Stephen H. Koslow, Benoit Labonté, Alison M. Lake, William B. Lawson, Steve Leifman, Adam Lesser, Timothy W. Lineberry, Amanda L. McMillan, Herbert Y. Meltzer, Michael Craig Miller, Michael J. Miller, James A. Naifeh, Katharine J. Nelson, Charles B. Nemeroff, Alexander Neumeister, Matthew K. Nock, Jennifer H. Olson-Madden, Gregory A. Ordway, Michael W. Otto, Ghanshyam N. Pandey, Giampaolo Perna, Jane Pirkis, Kelly Posner, Anne Rohs, Pedro Ruiz, Molly Ryan, Alan F. Schatzberg, S. Charles Schulz, M. Katherine Shear, Morton M. Silverman, April R. Smith, Marcus Sokolowski, Barbara Stanley, Zachary N. Stowe, Sarah A. Struthers, Leonardo Tondo, Gustavo Turecki, Robert J. Ursano, Kimberly Van Orden, Anne C. Ward, Danuta Wasserman, Jerzy Wasserman, Melinda K. Westlund, Tracy K. Witte, Kseniya Yershova, Alexandra Zagoloff, Sidney Zisook
- Edited by Stephen H. Koslow, University of Miami, Pedro Ruiz, University of Miami, Charles B. Nemeroff, University of Miami
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- Book:
- A Concise Guide to Understanding Suicide
- Published online:
- 05 October 2014
- Print publication:
- 18 September 2014, pp vii-x
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Diet selection is related to breeding status in two frugivorous hornbill species of Central Africa
- Aaron M. Lamperti, Aaron R. French, Ellen S. Dierenfeld, Mark K. Fogiel, Kenneth D. Whitney, Donald J. Stauffer, Kimberly M. Holbrook, Britta D. Hardesty, Connie J. Clark, John R. Poulsen, Benjamin C. Wang, Thomas B. Smith, V. Thomas Parker
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- Journal:
- Journal of Tropical Ecology / Volume 30 / Issue 4 / July 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 June 2014, pp. 273-290
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Avian diet selection is hypothesized to be sensitive to seasonal changes in breeding status, but few tests exist for frugivorous tropical birds. Frugivorous birds provide an interesting test case because fruits are relatively deficient in minerals critical for reproduction. Here, we quantify annual patterns of fruit availability and diet for two frugivorous hornbill (Bucerotidae) species over a 5.5-y period to test for patterns of diet selection. Data from the lowland tropical rain forest of the Dja Reserve, Cameroon, are used to generate two nutritional indices. One index estimates the nutrient concentration of the diet chosen by Ceratogymna atrata and Bycanistes albotibialis on a monthly basis using 3165 feeding observations combined with fruit pulp sample data. The second index is an estimate of nutrient concentration of a non-selective or neutral diet across the study area based on tree fruiting phenology, vegetation survey and fruit-pulp sample data. Fifty-nine fruit pulp samples representing 40 species were analysed for 16 nutrient categories to contribute to both indices. Pulp samples accounted for approximately 75% of the observed diets. The results support expected patterns of nutrient selection. The two hornbill species selected a diet rich in calcium during the early breeding season (significantly so for B. albotibialis in July and August). Through the brooding and fledging periods, they switched from a calcium-rich diet to one rich in iron and caloric content as well as supplemental protein in the form of invertebrates. Calcium, the calcium to phosphorus ratio and fat concentration were the strongest predictors of breeding success (significant for calcium and Ca:P for B. albotibialis in June). We conclude that hornbills actively select fruit based on nutritional concentration and mineral concentration and that the indices developed here are useful for assessing frugivore diet over time.
Contributor affiliations
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- By Frank Andrasik, Melissa R. Andrews, Ana Inés Ansaldo, Evangelos G. Antzoulatos, Lianhua Bai, Ellen Barrett, Linamara Battistella, Nicolas Bayle, Michael S. Beattie, Peter J. Beek, Serafin Beer, Heinrich Binder, Claire Bindschaedler, Sarah Blanton, Tasia Bobish, Michael L. Boninger, Joseph F. Bonner, Chadwick B. Boulay, Vanessa S. Boyce, Anna-Katharine Brem, Jacqueline C. Bresnahan, Floor E. Buma, Mary Bartlett Bunge, John H. Byrne, Jeffrey R. Capadona, Stefano F. Cappa, Diana D. Cardenas, Leeanne M. Carey, S. Thomas Carmichael, Glauco A. P. Caurin, Pablo Celnik, Kimberly M. Christian, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo G. Cohen, Adriana B. Conforto, Rory A. Cooper, Rosemarie Cooper, Steven C. Cramer, Armin Curt, Mark D’Esposito, Matthew B. Dalva, Gavriel David, Brandon Delia, Wenbin Deng, Volker Dietz, Bruce H. Dobkin, Marco Domeniconi, Edith Durand, Tracey Vause Earland, Georg Ebersbach, Jonathan J. Evans, James W. Fawcett, Uri Feintuch, Toby A. Ferguson, Marie T. Filbin, Diasinou Fioravante, Itzhak Fischer, Agnes Floel, Herta Flor, Karim Fouad, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, Peter H. Gorman, Thomas W. Gould, Jean-Michel Gracies, Amparo Gutierrez, Kurt Haas, C.D. Hall, Hans-Peter Hartung, Zhigang He, Jordan Hecker, Susan J. Herdman, Seth Herman, Leigh R. Hochberg, Ahmet Höke, Fay B. Horak, Jared C. Horvath, Richard L. Huganir, Friedhelm C. Hummel, Beata Jarosiewicz, Frances E. Jensen, Michael Jöbges, Larry M. Jordan, Jon H. Kaas, Andres M. Kanner, Noomi Katz, Matthew S. Kayser, Annmarie Kelleher, Gerd Kempermann, Timothy E. Kennedy, Jürg Kesselring, Fary Khan, Rachel Kizony, Jeffery D. Kocsis, Boudewijn J. Kollen, Hubertus Köller, John W. Krakauer, Hermano I. Krebs, Gert Kwakkel, Bradley Lang, Catherine E. Lang, Helmar C. Lehmann, Angelo C. Lepore, Glenn S. Le Prell, Mindy F. Levin, Joel M. Levine, David A. Low, Marilyn MacKay-Lyons, Jeffrey D. Macklis, Margaret Mak, Francine Malouin, William C. Mann, Paul D. Marasco, Christopher J. Mathias, Laura McClure, Jan Mehrholz, Lorne M. Mendell, Robert H. Miller, Carol Milligan, Beth Mineo, Simon W. Moore, Jennifer Morgan, Charbel E-H. Moussa, Martin Munz, Randolph J. Nudo, Joseph J. Pancrazio, Theresa Pape, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Kristin M. Pearson-Fuhrhop, P. Hunter Peckham, Tamara L. Pelleshi, Catherine Verrier Piersol, Thomas Platz, Marcus Pohl, Dejan B. Popović, Andrew M. Poulos, Maulik Purohit, Hui-Xin Qi, Debbie Rand, Mahendra S. Rao, Josef P. Rauschecker, Aimee Reiss, Carol L. Richards, Keith M. Robinson, Melvyn Roerdink, John C. Rosenbek, Serge Rossignol, Edward S. Ruthazer, Arash Sahraie, Krishnankutty Sathian, Marc H. Schieber, Brian J. Schmidt, Michael E. Selzer, Mijail D. Serruya, Himanshu Sharma, Michael Shifman, Jerry Silver, Thomas Sinkjær, George M. Smith, Young-Jin Son, Tim Spencer, John D. Steeves, Oswald Steward, Sheela Stuart, Austin J. Sumner, Chin Lik Tan, Robert W. Teasell, Gareth Thomas, Aiko K. Thompson, Richard F. Thompson, Wesley J. Thompson, Erika Timar, Ceri T. Trevethan, Christopher Trimby, Gary R. Turner, Mark H. Tuszynski, Erna A. van Niekerk, Ricardo Viana, Difei Wang, Anthony B. Ward, Nick S. Ward, Stephen G. Waxman, Patrice L. Weiss, Jörg Wissel, Steven L. Wolf, Jonathan R. Wolpaw, Sharon Wood-Dauphinee, Ross D. Zafonte, Binhai Zheng, Richard D. Zorowitz
- Edited by Michael Selzer, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo Cohen, Gert Kwakkel, Robert Miller, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio
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- Book:
- Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation
- Published online:
- 05 May 2014
- Print publication:
- 24 April 2014, pp ix-xvi
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- By Frank Andrasik, Melissa R. Andrews, Ana Inés Ansaldo, Evangelos G. Antzoulatos, Lianhua Bai, Ellen Barrett, Linamara Battistella, Nicolas Bayle, Michael S. Beattie, Peter J. Beek, Serafin Beer, Heinrich Binder, Claire Bindschaedler, Sarah Blanton, Tasia Bobish, Michael L. Boninger, Joseph F. Bonner, Chadwick B. Boulay, Vanessa S. Boyce, Anna-Katharine Brem, Jacqueline C. Bresnahan, Floor E. Buma, Mary Bartlett Bunge, John H. Byrne, Jeffrey R. Capadona, Stefano F. Cappa, Diana D. Cardenas, Leeanne M. Carey, S. Thomas Carmichael, Glauco A. P. Caurin, Pablo Celnik, Kimberly M. Christian, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo G. Cohen, Adriana B. Conforto, Rory A. Cooper, Rosemarie Cooper, Steven C. Cramer, Armin Curt, Mark D’Esposito, Matthew B. Dalva, Gavriel David, Brandon Delia, Wenbin Deng, Volker Dietz, Bruce H. Dobkin, Marco Domeniconi, Edith Durand, Tracey Vause Earland, Georg Ebersbach, Jonathan J. Evans, James W. Fawcett, Uri Feintuch, Toby A. Ferguson, Marie T. Filbin, Diasinou Fioravante, Itzhak Fischer, Agnes Floel, Herta Flor, Karim Fouad, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, Peter H. Gorman, Thomas W. Gould, Jean-Michel Gracies, Amparo Gutierrez, Kurt Haas, C.D. Hall, Hans-Peter Hartung, Zhigang He, Jordan Hecker, Susan J. Herdman, Seth Herman, Leigh R. Hochberg, Ahmet Höke, Fay B. Horak, Jared C. Horvath, Richard L. Huganir, Friedhelm C. Hummel, Beata Jarosiewicz, Frances E. Jensen, Michael Jöbges, Larry M. Jordan, Jon H. Kaas, Andres M. Kanner, Noomi Katz, Matthew S. Kayser, Annmarie Kelleher, Gerd Kempermann, Timothy E. Kennedy, Jürg Kesselring, Fary Khan, Rachel Kizony, Jeffery D. Kocsis, Boudewijn J. Kollen, Hubertus Köller, John W. Krakauer, Hermano I. Krebs, Gert Kwakkel, Bradley Lang, Catherine E. Lang, Helmar C. Lehmann, Angelo C. Lepore, Glenn S. Le Prell, Mindy F. Levin, Joel M. Levine, David A. Low, Marilyn MacKay-Lyons, Jeffrey D. Macklis, Margaret Mak, Francine Malouin, William C. Mann, Paul D. Marasco, Christopher J. Mathias, Laura McClure, Jan Mehrholz, Lorne M. Mendell, Robert H. Miller, Carol Milligan, Beth Mineo, Simon W. Moore, Jennifer Morgan, Charbel E-H. Moussa, Martin Munz, Randolph J. Nudo, Joseph J. Pancrazio, Theresa Pape, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Kristin M. Pearson-Fuhrhop, P. Hunter Peckham, Tamara L. Pelleshi, Catherine Verrier Piersol, Thomas Platz, Marcus Pohl, Dejan B. Popović, Andrew M. Poulos, Maulik Purohit, Hui-Xin Qi, Debbie Rand, Mahendra S. Rao, Josef P. Rauschecker, Aimee Reiss, Carol L. Richards, Keith M. Robinson, Melvyn Roerdink, John C. Rosenbek, Serge Rossignol, Edward S. Ruthazer, Arash Sahraie, Krishnankutty Sathian, Marc H. Schieber, Brian J. Schmidt, Michael E. Selzer, Mijail D. Serruya, Himanshu Sharma, Michael Shifman, Jerry Silver, Thomas Sinkjær, George M. Smith, Young-Jin Son, Tim Spencer, John D. Steeves, Oswald Steward, Sheela Stuart, Austin J. Sumner, Chin Lik Tan, Robert W. Teasell, Gareth Thomas, Aiko K. Thompson, Richard F. Thompson, Wesley J. Thompson, Erika Timar, Ceri T. Trevethan, Christopher Trimby, Gary R. Turner, Mark H. Tuszynski, Erna A. van Niekerk, Ricardo Viana, Difei Wang, Anthony B. Ward, Nick S. Ward, Stephen G. Waxman, Patrice L. Weiss, Jörg Wissel, Steven L. Wolf, Jonathan R. Wolpaw, Sharon Wood-Dauphinee, Ross D. Zafonte, Binhai Zheng, Richard D. Zorowitz
- Edited by Michael E. Selzer, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo G. Cohen, Gert Kwakkel, Robert H. Miller, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio
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- Book:
- Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation
- Published online:
- 05 June 2014
- Print publication:
- 24 April 2014, pp ix-xvi
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Preliminary Multi-Proxy 40 Ma Record of the Rise and Spread of Grasses in Montana
- Nathan D. Sheldon, Selena Y Smith, Caroline A.E. Strömberg, Ethan G. Hyland, Jennifer M. Cotton, Elisha B. Harris, Jessica M.M. Hamer, Stephanie T. Chen, Erik K. Frederickson, Kimberly J. Smith
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- Journal:
- The Paleontological Society Special Publications / Volume 13 / 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 July 2017, p. 114
- Print publication:
- 2014
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Contributors
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- By Charles E. Argoff, Gerard A. Banez, Samantha Boris-Karpel, Barbara K. Bruce, Alexandra S. Bullough, Annmarie Cano, Victor T. Chang, Elizabeth A. Clark, Daniel J. Clauw, June L. Dahl, Tam K. Dao, Amber M. Davis, Courtney L. Dixon, Michael H. Ebert, Robin M. Gallagher, Gerald W. Grass, Carmen R. Green, Jay Gunkelman, Bradford D. Hare, Jennifer A. Haythornthwaite, Jaclyn Heller Issner, W. Michael Hooten, Mark P. Jensen, Mark E. Jones, Robert D. Kerns, Raphael J. Leo, Morris Maizels, Mary E. Murawski, Brooke Myers-Sorger, Akiko Okifuji, Renata Okonkwo, John D. Otis, Stacy C. Parenteau, Laura E. Pence, Donald B. Penzien, Donna B. Pincus, Ellyn Poltrock Stein, Wendy J. Quinton, Jeanetta C. Rains, M. Carrington Reid, Thomas J. Romano, Jeffrey D. Rome, Robert L. Ruff, Suzanne S. Ruff, Steven H. Sanders, Ingra Schellenberg, John J. Sellinger, Howard S. Smith, Brenda Stoelb, Jon Streltzer, Mark D. Sullivan, Kimberly S. Swanson, Gabriel Tan, Stephen Thielke, Beverly E. Thorn, Cynthia O. Townsend, Dennis C. Turk, Stephanie C. Wallio, Lawrence J. Weinberger, David A. Williams, Hilary Wilson
- Edited by Michael H. Ebert, Yale University, Connecticut, Robert D. Kerns, Yale University, Connecticut
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- Book:
- Behavioral and Psychopharmacologic Pain Management
- Published online:
- 10 January 2011
- Print publication:
- 25 November 2010, pp ix-xii
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3 - Characteristics of Gang Members
- Terence P. Thornberry, State University of New York, Albany, Marvin D. Krohn, State University of New York, Albany, Alan J. Lizotte, State University of New York, Albany, Carolyn A. Smith, State University of New York, Albany, Kimberly Tobin, Westfield State College, Massachusetts
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- Book:
- Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective
- Published online:
- 23 July 2009
- Print publication:
- 23 December 2002, pp 32-55
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Summary
To begin our study of gang membership, we examine the prevalence and duration of gang membership for the total sample of the Rochester Youth Development Study and for its major demographic subgroups, compare gang members and nonmembers in terms of delinquent behavior, and then assess the proportionate contribution of gang members to the overall volume of crime.
The Prevalence of Gang Membership
Ever Prevalence
The prevalence of being a gang member at any point up to Wave 9, which essentially covers the high school years, is 30.9% of the total sample (Table 3.1). Thus, although most (69.1%) in this urban sample were not gang members, gang membership is not rare.
This prevalence rate is rather high when comparisons are made with results in other studies. For example, Klein (1971) estimated that in the four geographical areas covered by his study only about 6% of the gang-age youths in those areas were actually gang members. A similar approach, with similar results, has been used by other field researchers – for example, Moore (1978) and Vigil (1988). In a survey of eighth graders in 11 American cities, Esbensen and Winfree (1998) found that 11.8% of the respondents were gang members. Our estimate, based on a measure of lifetime prevalence rather than a point estimate or annual rate, highlights the importance of looking at gang membership as a trajectory that unfolds with age.
7 - Gangs, Guns, and Crime
- Terence P. Thornberry, State University of New York, Albany, Marvin D. Krohn, State University of New York, Albany, Alan J. Lizotte, State University of New York, Albany, Carolyn A. Smith, State University of New York, Albany, Kimberly Tobin, Westfield State College, Massachusetts
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- Book:
- Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective
- Published online:
- 23 July 2009
- Print publication:
- 23 December 2002, pp 122-139
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Summary
the previous analysis indicates that gang membership facilitates a broad range of delinquent behaviors including violence, drug use, and drug sales. When boys join gangs their delinquency increases and when they leave gangs their delinquency decreases. Here we focus on a related form of illegal behavior: owning and carrying illegal firearms. In particular, we are interested in the interplay between gang membership and patterns of owning and carrying guns. There are three general analytic questions. First, do gangs recruit those who carry illegal guns prior to gang membership, does gang membership enhance gun carrying, or are both processes at work? Second, do former gang members continue carrying guns as a result of their gang experience? Finally, what is the joint impact of gang membership and gun involvement on delinquency, drug use, and drug sales? Because research has shown that illegal gun carriers are more active in criminal activity (Lizotte et al., 2000) and that gang members show higher levels of criminal activity (Chapter 6), we hypothesize that gang members who also carry guns will have higher levels of criminal activity than one would predict from either factor alone. We conduct all these analyses for two types of illegal gun carriers: those who carry illegal guns but do not own them, and those who carry illegal guns that they own. The distinction is important, especially at these ages and especially for gang members.
4 - The Antecedents of Gang Membership
- Terence P. Thornberry, State University of New York, Albany, Marvin D. Krohn, State University of New York, Albany, Alan J. Lizotte, State University of New York, Albany, Carolyn A. Smith, State University of New York, Albany, Kimberly Tobin, Westfield State College, Massachusetts
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- Book:
- Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective
- Published online:
- 23 July 2009
- Print publication:
- 23 December 2002, pp 56-76
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Summary
having provided a description of gang members by examining their demographic characteristics, we now extend this description considerably by identifying risk factors for gang membership. After examining how antecedent characteristics and attributes affect the likelihood that an individual will join a gang, we examine the ability of these same risk factors to distinguish transient from stable gang members. Following these bivariate analyses, we turn to multivariate models and examine how experiencing multiple risk affects the odds of joining a street gang.
A Risk Factor Approach
Risk factors are “individual or environmental hazards that increase an individual's vulnerability to negative developmental outcomes” (Small and Luster, 1994: 182; see also Farrington, 2000; Werner and Smith, 1982). Consistent with the multidimensionality of the life-course approach, risk factor models assume that there are multiple, and often overlapping, risk factors in an individual's background that lead to adverse outcomes. In the terms of developmental psychopathology, outcomes are characterized by equifinality, or multiple pathways to the same outcome (Cicchetti and Rogosch, 1996). Furthermore, this approach assumes that cumulative risk, that is, risk that occurs in many different life domains, is most strongly related to adversity (Werner and Smith, 1982).
Identifying risk factors, especially those that occur early in the life course, has several theoretical and practical advantages (Farrington, 2000). Theoretically, identifying factors that increase risk suggests fruitful areas for exploration in more formal causal analyses. It also helps in isolating variables that mediate or translate increased vulnerability into actually experiencing the outcome.
6 - Gangs as a Facilitating Context for Delinquent Behavior
- Terence P. Thornberry, State University of New York, Albany, Marvin D. Krohn, State University of New York, Albany, Alan J. Lizotte, State University of New York, Albany, Carolyn A. Smith, State University of New York, Albany, Kimberly Tobin, Westfield State College, Massachusetts
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- Book:
- Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective
- Published online:
- 23 July 2009
- Print publication:
- 23 December 2002, pp 96-121
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Summary
Up to this point the analysis has focused on the antecedents of gang membership, examining risk factors for and causal processes associated with joining a gang. Now we examine whether membership in a juvenile street gang alters the short-term behavior patterns and the long-term life-course development of gang members. The first set of issues we address concerns the extent to which the gang actually facilitates various forms of deviant behavior.
In Chapter 3 we demonstrated that gang members in Rochester have significantly higher rates of delinquency than nonmembers. This finding confirms results from earlier observational studies (Hagedorn, 1998; Klein, 1971; Miller, 1966; Moore, 1978; Taylor, 1990), from studies using official data (Cohen, 1969; Klein et al., 1986; Maxson and Klein, 1990), and from those using survey techniques (Fagan, 1989, 1990; Fagan et al., 1986; Short and Strodtbeck, 1965; Tracy, 1979). We also demonstrated that gang members account for a disproportionate share of the crime problem relative to their representation in the general population. Because gangs clearly connote groups that have a deviant or criminal orientation, a strong relationship between gang membership and high rates of involvement in delinquency and drug use is hardly surprising. What these studies do not identify, however, are the social processes that bring about the association between gang membership and higher rates of delinquency. As Fagan has noted, “it is uncertain whether the differences reflect the positive correlation between group crime and violence, features of the gang itself, or the state of social controls in the inner cities where gangs are most evident” (1990: 186).
9 - Long-Term Consequences of Gang Membership
- Terence P. Thornberry, State University of New York, Albany, Marvin D. Krohn, State University of New York, Albany, Alan J. Lizotte, State University of New York, Albany, Carolyn A. Smith, State University of New York, Albany, Kimberly Tobin, Westfield State College, Massachusetts
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- Book:
- Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective
- Published online:
- 23 July 2009
- Print publication:
- 23 December 2002, pp 163-180
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Summary
gangs have a powerful, contemporaneous effect on the lives of the adolescents who become involved with them. It is also reasonable to expect that gang membership will have long-term consequences as well, interfering with the normal course of adolescent development and affecting the transition to adult roles and statuses. Although reasonable, there has been surprisingly little research conducted in this area. As early as 1971 Klein commented that “Though the need is great, there has been no careful study of gang members as they move on into adult status” (1971: 136), a view more recently advanced by Hagedorn (1998) and by Decker and Lauritsen (1996). In this chapter we examine whether adolescent involvement in street gangs has long-term consequences in such important developmental areas as family formation, parenthood, and employment. We begin by introducing basic concepts from the life-course perspective to guide the analysis.
Life-Course Perspective
The life-course perspective recognizes that as people age they enter and move along various trajectories. Trajectories are age-graded patterns of development with respect to major social institutions such as family, school, and work. They capture the long view of development, “linking social and psychological states over a substantial portion of the life span” (Elder, 1997: 955). Short-term changes in the life course, including movement into and out of trajectories, are referred to as transitions.
One of the most volatile stages of human development occurs as individuals move from adolescence to adulthood.
2 - Research Procedures: The Sample and the Data
- Terence P. Thornberry, State University of New York, Albany, Marvin D. Krohn, State University of New York, Albany, Alan J. Lizotte, State University of New York, Albany, Carolyn A. Smith, State University of New York, Albany, Kimberly Tobin, Westfield State College, Massachusetts
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- Book:
- Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective
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- 23 July 2009
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- 23 December 2002, pp 11-31
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Summary
to examine the origins and aftermath of membership in juvenile street gangs, we rely on data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, an ongoing, longitudinal investigation of antisocial behavior. This study, which began in 1986 with funding from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, focused on the causes and correlates of serious, violent, and chronic delinquency. The study of gangs is just one aspect of this broader research initiative, but one that is very central to the core aims of the study. In this chapter we introduce the reader to the design of the Rochester study and describe the study's sample and measures, especially as they focus on issues related to gangs and gang membership.
The Rochester Youth Development Study
The Rochester Youth Development Study follows a panel of juveniles from their early teenage years through their early adult years. Figure 2.1 depicts the overall research design of the study. To date, we have collected 12 waves of data spanning the ages of 13 through 22.
Each subject and a primary caretaker (in the vast majority of cases this is the biological mother) were interviewed at six-month intervals from the spring of 1988 until the spring of 1992. After a two-year gap in data collection, annual interviews began in 1994. By the end of Wave 12 in the spring of 1997, we had reinterviewed 846 of the initial 1,000 subjects in the study, a retention rate of 85%.
5 - The Origins of Gang Membership
- Terence P. Thornberry, State University of New York, Albany, Marvin D. Krohn, State University of New York, Albany, Alan J. Lizotte, State University of New York, Albany, Carolyn A. Smith, State University of New York, Albany, Kimberly Tobin, Westfield State College, Massachusetts
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- Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective
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- 23 July 2009
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- 23 December 2002, pp 77-95
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Summary
the results of the risk factor analyses are descriptively informative, but they are also theoretically limited. A risk factor approach provides a somewhat atomized view of gang members that is focused on individual variables; it fails to identify the causal processes by which more distal variables lead to more proximal variables and how they, in turn, lead to outcomes of interest. Indeed, as Farrington has noted, “a major problem with the risk factor prevention paradigm is to determine which risk factors are causes and which are merely markers or correlated with causes. It is also important to establish processes or developmental pathways that intervene between risk factors and outcomes, and to bridge the gap between risk factor research and more complex explanatory theories” (2000: 7). In this chapter we begin to address the general topic of identifying the causes of gang membership. The central question is, Why do some youths join street gangs while others manage to avoid the lure of the gang?
We address this question using two complementary approaches. The first approach is more qualitative and is based on the perceptions of the gang members. We asked them why they joined the gang and these open-ended responses provide information on their perceptions of the more immediate influences that led to their decision. The second approach is based in the tradition of causal modeling.
About the Authors
- Terence P. Thornberry, State University of New York, Albany, Marvin D. Krohn, State University of New York, Albany, Alan J. Lizotte, State University of New York, Albany, Carolyn A. Smith, State University of New York, Albany, Kimberly Tobin, Westfield State College, Massachusetts
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- Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective
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- 23 July 2009
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- 23 December 2002, pp xv-xvi
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Appendix B: Prevalence of Gang Membership
- Terence P. Thornberry, State University of New York, Albany, Marvin D. Krohn, State University of New York, Albany, Alan J. Lizotte, State University of New York, Albany, Carolyn A. Smith, State University of New York, Albany, Kimberly Tobin, Westfield State College, Massachusetts
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- Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective
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- 23 July 2009
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- 23 December 2002, pp 210-211
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Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective
- Terence P. Thornberry, Marvin D. Krohn, Alan J. Lizotte, Carolyn A. Smith, Kimberly Tobin
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- Published online:
- 23 July 2009
- Print publication:
- 23 December 2002
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Gang membership has long been understood to have a disruptive influence on adolescent development and to contribute disproportionately to the rate of delinquent crime. The nature of the impact, and the long-term effects on individuals, have not been well understood. This book uses longitudinal data to examine the developmental consequences of gang membership, and its longer term influence on the life course. This longitudinal approach is made possible by data from a study of antisocial behavior, The Rochester Youth Development Study, which followed one thousand adolescents through their early adult years. The subjects include delinquents who were gang members and others who were not, allowing the authors to compare motives, patterns of behavior, and recurring problems with caregivers and the law, education, peer relations, and career paths. The findings indicate that multiple developmental deficits lead to gang membership and that membership leads to an increase in delinquency.
Contents
- Terence P. Thornberry, State University of New York, Albany, Marvin D. Krohn, State University of New York, Albany, Alan J. Lizotte, State University of New York, Albany, Carolyn A. Smith, State University of New York, Albany, Kimberly Tobin, Westfield State College, Massachusetts
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- Book:
- Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective
- Published online:
- 23 July 2009
- Print publication:
- 23 December 2002, pp ix-ix
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